One state is the device remains provisioned, as the 61 percent of purchased Echo Dots were. Used Echo Dots and other Amazon devices can come in a variety of states. “We show that such information, including all previous passwords and tokens, remains on the flash memory, even after a factory reset.” “An adversary with physical access to such devices (e.g., purchasing a used one) can retrieve sensitive information such as Wi-Fi credentials, the physical location of (previous) owners, and cyber-physical devices (e.g., cameras, door locks),” the researchers wrote in a research paper. The next surprise came when the researchers disassembled the devices and forensically examined the contents stored in their memory.
#Master reboot echo dot mac
Without a reset, recovering the previous owners' Wi-Fi passwords, router MAC addresses, Amazon account credentials, and information about connected devices was a relatively easy process. Their first surprise: 61 percent of them had not been reset. They first examined the purchased devices to see which ones had been factory reset and which hadn’t. Researchers from Northeastern University bought 86 used devices on eBay and at flea markets over a span of 16 months. True deletions usually happen only when most of the pages in a block are invalidated. To extend the life of the chip, blocks storing deleted data are often invalidated rather than wiped. This design allows for a limited number of erase cycles, usually in the neighborhood of between 10,000 to 100,000 times per block. NAND is usually organized in planes, blocks, and pages.
NAND is also less stable than hard drives because reading and writing to it produces bit errors that must be corrected using error-correcting code. Like traditional hard drives, NAND-which is short for the boolean operator " NOT AND"-stores bits of data so they can be recalled later, but whereas hard drives write data to magnetic platters, NAND uses silicon chips. Most IoT devices, the Echo Dot included, use NAND-based flash memory to store data. But researchers have recently found that the digital bits that remain on these reset devices can be reassembled to retrieve a wealth of sensitive data, including passwords, locations, authentication tokens, and other sensitive data. personal content from the applicable device(s)” before selling or discarding them. Like most Internet-of-things (IoT) devices these days, Amazon’s Echo Dot gives users a way to perform a factory reset so, as the corporate behemoth says, users can “remove any.
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